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math.h

The following functions, macros, and classes are provided in math.h:

Name 
Description 
Header File
math.h
Description
Overflow value for math functions. 
Header File
math.h
Description
The constant values for logarithm functions.  
Header File
math.h
Description
Constant values for square roots of 2.  
Header File
math.h
Description
Common constants of pi  
Header File
stdlib.h, math.h
Category
Conversion Routines, Math Routines
Prototype
double atof(const char *s);
double _wtof(const wchar_t *s);
Description
Converts a string to a floating-point number.
  • atof converts a string pointed to by s to double; this function recognizes the character representation of a floating-point number, made up of the following:
  • An optional string of tabs and spaces
  • An optional sign
  • A string of digits and an optional decimal point (the digits can be on both sides of the decimal point)
  • An optional e or E followed by an optional signed integer
The characters must match this generic... more 
Header File
math.h
Category
Conversion Routines, Math Routines
Prototype
long double _atold(const char *s);
long double _wtold(const wchar_t *s);
Description
Converts a string to a long double.
_wtold is the wide-character version. It converts a wide-character string to a long double.
_atof is the floating-point version of _atold.
_atold converts a string pointed to by s to a long double; this functions recognizes:
An optional string of tabs and spaces
An optional sign
A string of digits and an optional decimal point
An optional e or E followed by an optional signed integer
The first unrecognized character ends... more 
Header File
math.h, stdlib.h
Category
Conversion Routines, Math Routines,
Prototype
char *_i64toa(__int64 value, char *string, int radix);
wchar_t *_i64tow(__int64 value, wchar_t *string, int radix);
Description
_i64toa converts an __int64 to a string. _i64tow is the unicode version. It converts a __int64 to a wide-character string.
These functions convert value to a null-terminated string and store the result in string. value is an __int64.
radix specifies the base to be used in converting value; it must be between 2 and 36, inclusive. If value is negative and radix is 10, the first character of string is the minus sign... more 
Header File
math.h
Category
Diagnostic Routines, Math Routines
Prototype
int _matherr(struct _exception *e);
int _matherrl(struct _exceptionl *e);
Description
User-modifiable math error handler.
_matherr is called when an error is generated by the math library.
_matherrl is the long double version; it is called when an error is generated by the long double math functions.
_matherr and _matherrl each serve as a user hook (a function that can be customized by the user) that you can replace by writing your own math error-handling routine.
_matherr and _matherrl are useful for information on trapping domain and range errors caused by the... more 
abs 
Header File
stdlib.h, math.h
Category
Math Routines, Inline Routines
Prototype
int abs(int x);
Description
Returns the absolute value of an integer.
abs returns the absolute value of the integer argument x. If abs is called when stdlib.h has been included, it's treated as a macro that expands to inline code.
If you want to use the abs function instead of the macro, include
#undef abs
in your program, after the #include <stdlib.h>.
Return Value
The abs function returns an integer in the range of 0 to INT_MAX, with the exception that an argument with the value INT_MIN is returned... more 
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double acos(double x);
long double acosl(long double x);
Description
Calculates the arc cosine.
acos returns the arc cosine of the input value.
acosl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result.
Arguments to acos and acosl must be in the range -1 to 1, or else acos and acosl return NAN and set the global variable errno to:
EDOM Domain error
Return Value
acos and acosl of an argument between -1 and +1 return a value in the range 0 to pi. Error... more 
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double asin(double x);
long double asinl(long double x);
Description
Calculates the arc sine.
asin of a real argument returns the arc sine of the input value.
asinl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result.
Real arguments to asin and asinl must be in the range -1 to 1, or else asin and asinl return NAN and set the global variable errno to
EDOM Domain error
Return Value
asin and asinl of a real argument return a value in the range -pi/2 to... more 
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double atan(double x);
long double atanl(long double x);
Description
Calculates the arc tangent.
atan calculates the arc tangent of the input value.
atanl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result.
Return Value
atan and atanl of a real argument return a value in the range -pi/2 to pi/2. Error handling for these functions can be modified through the functions _matherr and _matherrl.
Example  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double atan2(double y, double x);
long double atan2l(long double y, long double x);
Description
Calculates the arc tangent of y/x.
atan2 returns the arc tangent of y/x; it produces correct results even when the resulting angle is near pi/2 or -pi/2 (x near 0). If both x and y are set to 0, the function sets the global variable errno to EDOM, indicating a domain error.
atan2l is the long double version; it takes long double arguments and returns a long double result.
Return Value
atan2 and atan2l return a value in... more 
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double cabs(struct complex z);
long double cabsl(struct _complexl z);
Description
cabs calculates the absolute value of a complex number. cabs is a macro that calculates the absolute value of z, a complex number. z is a structure with type complex; the structure is defined in math.h as
struct complex {
double x, y;
};
where x is the real part, and y is the imaginary part.
Calling cabs is equivalent to calling sqrt with the real and imaginary components of z, as shown here:
sqrt(z.x * z.x + z.y * z.y)
cabsl... more 
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double ceil(double x);
long double ceill(long double x);
Description
Rounds up.
ceil finds the smallest integer not less than x.
ceill is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result.
Return Value
These functions return the integer found as a double (ceil) or a long double (ceill).
Example  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines, Inline Routines
Prototype
double cos(double x);
long double cosl(long double x);
Description
Calculates the cosine of a value.
cos computes the cosine of the input value. The angle is specified in radians.
cosl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result.
Return Value
cos of a real argument returns a value in the range -1 to 1. Error handling for these functions can be modified through _matherr (or _matherrl).
Example  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double cosh(double x);
long double coshl(long double x);
Description
Calculates the hyperbolic cosine of a value.
cosh computes the hyperbolic cosine:
coshl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result.
Return Value
cosh returns the hyperbolic cosine of the argument.
When the correct value would create an overflow, these functions return the value HUGE_VAL (cosh) or _LHUGE_VAL (coshl) with the appropriate sign, and the global variable errno is set to ERANGE. Error handling for these functions can be modified through the functions _matherr... more 
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double exp(double x);
long double expl(long double x);
Description
Calculates the exponential e to the x.
expl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result.
Return Value
exp returns e to the x.
Sometimes the arguments passed to these functions produce results that overflow or are incalculable. When the correct value overflows, exp returns the value HUGE_VAL and expl returns _LHUGE_VAL. Results of excessively large magnitude cause the global variable errno to be set to  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double fabs(double x);
long double fabsl(long double x);
Description
Returns the absolute value of a floating-point number.
fabs calculates the absolute value of x, a double. fabsl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result.
Return Value
fabs and fabsl return the absolute value of x.
Example  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double floor(double x);
long double floorl(long double x);
Description
Rounds down.
floor finds the largest integer not greater than x.
floorl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result.
Return Value
floor returns the integer found as a double. floorl returns the integer found as a long double.
Portability  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double fmod(double x, double y);
long double fmodl(long double x, long double y);
Description
Calculates x modulo y, the remainder of x/y.
fmod calculates x modulo y (the remainder f, where x = ay + f for some integer a, and 0 < f < y).
fmodl is the long double version; it takes long double arguments and returns a long double result.
Return Value
fmod and fmodl return the remainder f where x = ay + f (as described above). When y = 0, fmod and fmodl return 0.
Example  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double frexp(double x, int *exponent);
long double frexpl(long double x, int *exponent);
Description
Splits a number into mantissa and exponent.
frexp calculates the mantissa m (a double greater than or equal to 0.5 and less than 1) and the integer value n such that x (the original double value) equals m * 2n. frexp stores n in the integer that exponent points to.
frexpl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument for x and returns a long double result.
Return Value
frexp and frexpl return the mantissa m.... more 
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double hypot(double x, double y);
long double hypotl(long double x, long double y);
Description
Calculates hypotenuse of a right triangle.
hypot calculates the value z where
z2 = x2 + y2 and z >= 0
This is equivalent to the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle, if the lengths of the two sides are x and y.
hypotl is the long double version; it takes long double arguments and returns a long double result.
Return Value
On success, these functions return z, a double (hypot) or a long double)... more 
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double ldexp(double x, int exp);
long double ldexpl(long double x, int exp);
Description
Calculates x * 2^exp.
lexpl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument for x and returns a long double result.
Return Value
On success, ldexp (or ldexpl) returns the value it calculated, x * 2^exp. Error handling for these routines can be modified through the functions _matherr and _matherrl.
Example  
ldiv 
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
ldiv_t ldiv(long int numer, long int denom);
Description
Divides two longs, returning quotient and remainder.
ldiv divides two longs and returns both the quotient and the remainder as an ldiv_t type. numer and denom are the numerator and denominator, respectively.
The ldiv_t type is a structure of longs defined in stdlib.h as follows:
typedef struct {
long int quot; /* quotient */
long int rem; /* remainder */
} ldiv_t;
Return Value
ldiv returns a structure whose elements are quot (the quotient) and rem (the remainder).
Example  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double log(double x);
long double logl(long double x);
Description
Calculates the natural logarithm of x.
log calculates the natural logarithm of x.
logl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result.
Return Value
On success, log and logl return the value calculated, ln(x).
errno  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double log10(double x);
long double log10l(long double x);
Description
log10 calculates the base ten logarithm of x.
log10l is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result.
Return Value
On success, log10 (or log10l) returns the calculated value log base ten of x.
If the argument x passed to these functions is real and less than 0, the global variable errno is set to  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double modf(double x, double *ipart);
long double modfl(long double x, long double *ipart);
Description
Splits a double or long double into integer and fractional parts.
modf breaks the double x into two parts: the integer and the fraction. modf stores the integer in ipart and returns the fraction.
modfl is the long double version; it takes long double arguments and returns a long double result.
Return Value
modf and modfl return the fractional part of x.
Example  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double poly(double x, int degree, double coeffs[]);
long double polyl(long double x, int degree, long double coeffs[]);
Description
Generates a polynomial from arguments.
poly generates a polynomial in x, of degree degree, with coefficients coeffs[0], coeffs[1], ..., coeffs[degree]. For example, if n = 4, the generated polynomial is:
polyl is the long double version; it takes long double arguments and returns a long double result.
Return Value
poly and polyl return the value of the polynomial as evaluated for the given x.
Example  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double pow(double x, double y);
long double powl(long double x, long double y);
Description
Calculates x to the power of y.
powl is the long double version; it takes long double arguments and returns a long double result.
Return Value
On success, pow and powl return the value calculated of x to the power of y.
Sometimes the arguments passed to these functions produce results that overflow or are incalculable. When the correct value would overflow, the functions return the value HUGE_VAL (pow) or _LHUGE_VAL (powl). Results of excessively large magnitude can... more 
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double pow10(int p);
long double pow10l(int p);
Description
Calculates 10 to the power of p.
pow10l is the long double version; it takes long double arguments and returns a long double result.
Return Value
On success, pow10 returns the value calculated, 10 to the power of p and pow10l returns a long double result.
The result is actually calculated to long double accuracy. All arguments are valid, although some can cause an underflow or overflow.
Example  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double sin(double x);
long double sinl(long double x);
Description
Calculates sine.
sin computes the sine of the input value. Angles are specified in radians.
sinl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result. Error handling for these functions can be modified through the functions _matherr and _matherrl.
Return Value
sin and sinl return the sine of the input value.
Example  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines, Inline Routines
Prototype
double sinh(double x);
long double sinhl(long double x);
Description
Calculates hyperbolic sine.
sinh computes the hyperbolic sine.
sinl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result. Error handling for sinh and sinhl can be modified through the functions _matherr and _matherrl.
Return Value
sinh and sinhl return the hyperbolic sine of x.
When the correct value overflows, these functions return the value HUGE_VAL (sinh) or _LHUGE_VAL (sinhl) of appropriate sign. Also, the global variable errno is set to ERANGE.
Example  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double sqrt(double x);
long double sqrtl(long double x);
Description
Calculates the positive square root.
sqrt calculates the positive square root of the argument x.
sqrtl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result. Error handling for these functions can be modified through the functions _matherr and _matherrl.
Return Value
On success, sqrt and sqrtl return the value calculated, the square root of x. If x is real and positive, the result is positive. If x is real and negative, the global variable errno... more 
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double tan(double x);
long double tanl(long double x);
Description
Calculates the tangent.
tan calculates the tangent. Angles are specified in radians.
tanl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result. Error handling for these routines can be modified through the functions _matherr and _matherrl..
Return Value
tan and tanl return the tangent of x, sin(x)/cos(x).
Example  
Header File
math.h
Category
Math Routines
Prototype
double tanh(double x);
long double tanhl(long double x);
Description
Calculates the hyperbolic tangent.
tanh computes the hyperbolic tangent, sinh(x)/cosh(x).
tanhl is the long double version; it takes a long double argument and returns a long double result. Error handling for these functions can be modified through the functions _matherr and _matherrl.
Return Value
tanh and tanhl return the hyperbolic tangent of x.
Example  
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